![]() ![]() The National Exam, or Ujian Nasional, implemented in Indonesia in the last ten years has invited controversies among different parties due to its status as a high-stake exam related to graduations of junior and senior high school students. Therefore, teachers are compelled to use more lecture-based teacher-centered pedagogies. They tend to narrow down curricular contents into fragmented bits and pieces of knowledge to be learned for the sake of the tests themselves. A meta-synthesis study done by Au (2007) involving 49 research studies on high stake testing and curricular control indicates that high stake tests have predominant effects on curriculum implementation. A study on washback effects of high stake tests has always been very interesting. ![]()
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